Assembly of a Regiment dismounted.

When a regiment is to turn out under arms on foot, "to arms" will be sounded; at this signal, the men are formed and inspected, and the reports are made as is prescribed.

Formation of the Escort of the Standard. (Pl. 2, fig. A) 

The squadrons of a regiment, commencing with the first, furnish in turn the escort of the standard.  
The Captain commanding and the 2d Captain alternate in the command of this escort.  
It is composed of two platoons. Each squadron, successively, furnishes first its two first platoons, and then its two last.  
The 1st platoon of the escort furnishes the advanced guard composed of two men in front with the carbine advanced or pistol raised (according to the corps;) a Corporal and four men with drawn sabres (or lances at a carry) march 10 paces from them.
The Trumpeters, formed by fours and conducted by the Adjutant, march 10 paces from the four men who precede.
The rest of the platoon, with drawn sabres, (or lances at a carry,) having the Lieutenant at its head, marches by fours 10 paces from the Trumpeters.  
The standard-bearer follows immediately after between two Sergeants.  
The 2d platoon, with drawn sabres, (or lances ­ at a carry,) having the 2d Lieutenant at its head, follows the standard-bearer, marches by fours, and furnishes the rear guard, composed of a, Corporal and two men, who march with drawn sabres (or lances at a carry,) 10 paces in rear of the 2d platoon.  
Two other men, with the carbine advanced or pistol raised, (according to the corps,) march 10 paces in rear.  
The Captain marches 4 paces from the left flank Opposite to the standard-bearer.  
This detachment having arrived where the standard is kept, without sounding the trumpets, is there formed into line. The Adjutant dismounts, takes the standard, and gives it to the standard-bearer.    

Reception of the Standard.

The standard-bearer, accompanied by the two Sergeants, moves towards the centre of the regiment, parallel to the front, and halts before the Colonel, fronting the regiment; the Colonel then orders, the sabres to be presented, and the trumpets to sound to the standard; he salutes with the sabre. The standard-bearer then takes his place in line and the Colonel orders the sabres to be carried.

Salute with the Standard.  

1. At 4 paces from the person who is to be saluted, lower the lance gently to the front, bending as near to the horizontal line as possible.  
2. Raise the lance gently when the person saluted has passed 4 paces.

Salute with the Sabre.

1. At 4 paces from the person to be saluted, raise the sabre perpendicularly, the point upwards, the edge to the left, the hand opposite to and one foot from the right shoulder, the elbow 6 inches from the body.  
2. Lower the blade, extending the arm to its full length, the hand in quarte, until the point of the sabre is near the foot.  
3. Raise the sabre quickly, the point upwards, as in the first time, after the person saluted has passed 4 paces.  
4. Carry the sabre to the shoulder.

BASIS OF INSTRUCTION

ARTICLE SECOND.

FORMATION OF A REGIMENT OF FIVE SQUADRONS IN COLUMN.

Order in Column by twos or by fours.

(Pl. 2, fig. B.) In this order, the squadrons preserve an interval of 12 paces (12 yards) between each other equal to their interval in line.

This distance measured from the croups of the horses of the last files of one squadron, to the heads of the horses of the first files of the next squadron.

The Colonel marches at the centre of the regiment, on the side of the guides, 25 paces from the flank of the column, having behind him a chief bugler.  He moves wherever his presence may be necessary.

The Lieutenant‑Colonel on the side of the guides, 12 paces from the flank of the column; be marches habitually on a line with the Lieutenant commanding the 1st platoon of the 1st squadron.

The Major marches in the direction of the Lieutenant-Colonel, and on a line with the particular guide of the left of the 5th squadron.

The Adjutant marches on the side of the guides, 2 paces from the flank and on a line with the first files of the column, to observe the guides and the direction of the march.

The Sergeant‑Major marches on the side of the guides, 2 paces from the flank of the column, and on a line with the particular guide of the left of 5th squadron; if the left is in front, he executes on the side of the guides what is prescribed

For the Adjutant when the right is in front.

The Quartermaster‑Sergeant having the general guide of the right behind him, marches on the side opposite to the guides, two paces from the flank, and on a line with the first files of the column.

The Captains commanding march on the side of the guides, and 4 paces from the flank and abreast of the centre of their squadrons.

The second Captains march on the side opposite to the guides, 4 pace from the flank, and abreast of the centre of their squadrons.

The 1st Lieutenant of each squadron marches at the head of the 1st platoon, one pace in advance of the first files, having the particular guide of the right on his right.

The chiefs of the other platoons march on the side of the guides, one pace from the flank of the column, and abreast of their first files; the file-closers march on the side opposite to the guides, one pace from the flank, and on a line with the centre of their platoons.

They all march in a similar manner on the flanks of the column when the left is in front; and, in this case, it is the junior 1st Lieutenant who marches in the column at the head of the 4th platoon of each squadron.

The particular guide, who in line is posted on the left of the squadron, marches behind the last files of the squadron; when the column is left in front, he takes post on the left of the officer commanding the 4th platoon, one pace in front of the left file.

When the nature of the ground obliges the offi­cers and file‑closers to enter the column, the movement is made successively; the superior officers, the Captains commanding, and the chiefs of platoons, place themselves at the head; the second Captains, and the file‑closers, in rear of their re­spective troops.

The Major marches in rear of the column; and also the Sergeant‑Major.

The primitive order is resumed as soon as the nature of the ground will permit.

Order in column of Platoons.

(Pl. 3, fig. A.) In this order, the distance from one platoon to another, measured from the men of one front rank to those of another front rank, is equal to the front of a platoon; that is to say, it is 12 paces if the platoons are of twelve files. Subtracting the depth of two ranks, which is 6 paces, there remains 6 paces from the croup of the horses of the rear rank of one platoon to the heads of the horses of the front rank of the next platoon, a distance which is equal to half of the front of a platoon.

The Colonel marches at the centre of the regiment, on the side of the guides, 25 paces from the flank of the column, having behind him a chief bugler; be moves wherever his presence may be required.

The Lieutenant‑Colonel marches habitually on the side of the guides, 12 paces from the flank of the column, and on a line with the Lieutenant commanding the 1st platoon of the 1st squadron.

The Major marches in the direction of the Lieutenant‑Colonel, and habitually abreast of the file-closers of the last platoon of the column.

The Adjutant marches behind the left file of the 1st platoon, to direct the guide of the column; he should occasionally place himself in front of this file, to satisfy himself that the guides of each platoon preserve the same direction.

The Sergeant‑Major marches on the side of the guides, 2 paces from the flank of the column, and abreast of the file‑closers of the 4th platoon of the 5th squadron; and, if the left is in front, he executes on the side of the guides that which is prescribed for the Adjutant when the right is in front.

The Quartermaster‑Sergeant having the general guide of the right behind him, marches on the side opposite to the guides, 2 paces from the flank of the column, and on a line with the front rank of the 1st platoon.

The Captains commanding march on the side of the guides, four paces from the flank of the column, and habitually abreast of the centre of their squadrons.

The second Captains march on the side opposite to the guides, 4 paces from the flank of the column, and abreast of the centre of their squadrons.

The 1st and 2d Lieutenants march at the centre of their platoons, one pace from the front rank; those who command the platoons at the head of squadrons preserve, besides their distance, the ground necessary to enable each squadron, in wheeling into line, to maintain its interval.

The Sergeants, who are file‑closers, march on the side opposite to the guides, behind the third file of their platoons.

When the column marches right in front, the particular guide of the right of each squadron marches on the right of the 1st platoon; and the particular guide of the left places himself as file-closer behind the 2d file from the left of the 4th platoon.

The post of these Sergeants is the reverse when the left is in front.

(PI. 3, fig. B.) The squadron being composed of 64 files, when it is broken into sections, the 1st Lieutenant of each squadron marches at the head of the 1st section of the 1st platoon; the chiefs of the other platoons remain on the side of the guides, one pace from and on a line with the front rank of their 1st section.

The file‑closers, who command the 2d sections, march on the side opposite to the guides, one pace from and on a line with the front rank.

The posts of the commandants of sections is the reverse when the left is in front.

Order in column of Divisions.

(Pl. 3, fig. C.) The Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, Major, and Adjutant, are posted as in the column of platoons.

It is the same for the Captains commanding, and the second Captains.

The senior 1st Lieutenant commands the 1st division, the other 1st Lieutenant the 2d; they remain, however, at the centre of their platoons.

All the other officers and Sergeants of each division are posted as prescribed in the order in column of platoons, the file‑closers remaining in their places, on whatsoever side the guide may be.

Order in close column.

(Pl. 4.) In this order, the distance from one squadron to another, which is 12 paces, (12 yards,) is measured from the croup of the horses of the rear rank of one squadron, to the heads of the horses of the front rank of the next squadron.

The Colonel, Lieutenant‑ Colonel, and Major, are posted as in columns of platoons.

The Adjutant marches behind the left guide of the 1st squadron, on the alignment of the file-closers, to superintend the direction of the march.

The Sergeant‑Major is posted as in column of platoons, and, when the left is in front, he performs the same duties as the Adjutant when the right is in front.

The Quartermaster‑Sergeant marches on the side opposite to the guides, as in column of platoons.

The particular guide of the left wing of the 1st squadron moves to the front on the alignment of the officers; he is replaced by the Sergeant file-closer of the 4th platoon. If the left is in front, the particular guide of the right of the 5th squadron places himself on the alignment of the officers to serve as guide: he is replaced by the Sergeant file‑closer of the 1st platoon.

All the officers of the squadron and the file-closers remain posted as in order of battle, except the Captains commanding, who march on the side of the guides, 4 paces from the flank, and on a line with the officers of their squadrons.

Compliments by Cavalry Under Review.

The regiment being in line, the Captains one pace in advance of the centre of their companies, the Lieutenants commanding platoons one pace in­ advance of the centre of their platoons, the Co­lonel commands:

1. Attention.

2. Prepare for review.

3. Rear rank, open order.

4. MARCH.

5‑ Right‑DRESS.

6. FRONT.

At the fourth command, the ranks are opened after the principles prescribed No. 436, all the of­ficers in the rank of the file‑closers advancing to the front, and placing themselves on the line of officers opposite to the positions they before occupied. The staff officers place themselves on the right of the rank of company officers, according to their relative rank, one pace from each other. The Quartermaster‑Sergeant and the Sergeant-Major, are on the right, of the front rank of the regiment.

The Colonel, Lieutenant‑Colonel, Major, and Adjutant, are posted as in order of battle.

The music is formed at the same time in one rank on the right of the regiment, and ten paces from it.

After the ranks are opened, the Colonel commands:

1. Attention.

2. DRAW‑SABRE.

In this parade order, the regiment awaits the approach of the personage who is to review it; for whose guide a camp‑color will have been placed eighty or one hundred and fifty paces in front of the centre, according to the extent of the line, and the plain in front of it.

When the reviewing personage is midway between the camp‑color and the Colonel, the latter turns his horse to the right‑about on his ground and commands:

1. Attention.

2. Present‑SABRE.

And resumes immediately his proper front. The officers all salute.

When the reviewing personage, who has halted until the proper compliments are paid, advances, the Colonel brings his sabre to a carry, turns about as before to the line, and commands:

1. Attention.

2. Carry-SABRE.

When the whole line remains perfectly steady, except the Colonel, who resumes his proper front.

The reviewing personage now turns of to the right of the regiment, passes thence, in front of all the Officers to the left around the left, and behind the rank of file‑closers, to the right again. While he is passing around the regiment no matter what his rank, the music will play; and when he turns off to take his station near the camp-color, the music will cease.

When the music ceases the Colonel turns about and commands:

1. Attention.

2. Rear rank, close order.

3. MARCH.

At the command MARCH, all the officers from the rank of file‑closers return to their position in that rank.

The reviewing personage having taken a position near the camp‑color, previously placed at a proper distance, the Colonel causes the regiment to break into column of companies right or left, in front, and commands:

Pass in review.

At this command the band and trumpeters repair to the head of the regimental column, 6 paces in front of the Colonel. The Quartermaster‑Sergeant places himself 10 paces in front of the Colonel, 2 paces from the flank opposite to the guides.

The Quartermaster, Surgeon, and Assistant Surgeon, are in one rank, in the order in which they are named, 4 paces in rear of the last division.

The Colonel is 6 paces in front of the Captain of the leading company.

The Lieutenant‑Colonel on a line with the first company, 6 paces from the flank opposite to the guide.

The Major on a line with the last company, 6 paces from the side opposite to the guide.

The Adjutant on a line with the second company, 6 paces from the flank opposite to the guide.

The Sergeant‑Major on a line with the company next to the rear, 6 paces from the flank opposite to the guide.

Captains, 2 paces in advance of the centre of their companies.

Chiefs of platoons, 2 paces in advance of the centre of their platoons.

Officers of the rank of file‑closers, on the side opposite to the guide, on a line with the chiefs of platoons.

The column is then put in march, at a walk, with the guide on the side next to the reviewing personage.

The column first passes at a walk, and afterwards, if required, at a trot.

The regiments take, in marching, intervals of about 40 paces from each other.

When the head of the column arrives within 50 paces of the reviewing personage, the music commences to play.

The band having passed, the chief musician causes it to wheel out of the column and take position opposite to the reviewing personage; the music continues to play, until the last company has passed, when it ceases, and follows in the rear.

Passing at a walk, the Colonel and all the officers salute with the sabre, as they successively arrive within six paces of the reviewing personage, turning the heads towards him.

The standard does not salute, except to the President or Vice‑President of the United States, Governors of States, Heads of Departments, or the Commander‑in‑Chief; when the trumpets are to flourish in passing, the band ceases playing, and resumes the same air or march when the flourishes have ceased.

The guides and the men keep the head well to the front in passing in review.

Form and course of Inspection.

The regiment being in line as prescribed for a review, on an intimation from the Inspector, the Colonel causes the companies to wheel to the right. He then orders the ranks to be opened; at which the standard‑bearers, under the direction of the Adjutant, are posted about 20 paces ahead of the column.

The Colonel seeing the ranks aligned, com­mands: 1. Officers and non‑commissioned officers. 2. To the front of your companies - MARCH, on which the officers form themselves in one rank, 12 paces, and the non‑commissioned officers in one rank, 6 paces in advance, along the whole front of their respective troops, in the order of rank, the highest on the right, and the lowest on the left; the trumpeters of each company, at the same time, take post on the alignment of the front rank, 6 paces from the right; and the farriers in the rear on the alignment of the rear rank.

Seeing the last order in a train of execution, the Colonel commands: 1. Field and staff. 2.To the front ‑ MARCH. The commissioned officers thus designated, form themselves in one rank, 12 paces in front of the standards, in the following order, beginning on the right: Lieutenant‑ Colonel, Major, Adjutant, Quartermaster, Surgeon, and Assistant Surgeon. The non‑commissioned staff in a similar manner, 6 paces in rear of the pre­ceding rank. The band is formed in one rank, 10 paces in rear of the column, the chief musician 4 paces in front of it.

The Colonel now takes post on the right of the Lieutenant‑Colonel; but such of the field officers as may be superior in rank to the Inspector, do not take post as above.

The inspection commences in front. After inspecting the dress and general appearance of the field and commissioned staff, the Inspector, accompanied by these officers, passes down the column, looking at every rank, in front and in rear, with a view to the same objects. He afterwards, in a like manner, passes and inspects the arms; as he successively approaches each company for this purpose, its Captain commands: 1. ­Attention. 2. Inspection – (of) ARMS, which is executed as prescribed No. 405.

The Inspector then dismounts with the field and commissioned staff, for the purpose of inspecting horse furniture, and valises, preparatory to which the Colonel causes the column to dismount. The men being then in the position of stand to horse, the Colonel commands: REST, for the whole column; when the Inspector proceeds to make a minute inspection of the several ranks, in succession, commencing in front.

On approaching the non‑commissioned staff and the band, the Adjutant gives the necessary orders for the inspection of boxes and valises; and in a like manner as to the standard‑bearers. To enable the latter to display their valises, after dismounting, the standards are planted firm in the ground. This division being inspected, the Adjutant may direct the standard‑bearers to link and to disperse, until the standards are to be escorted back to the place from which they were taken. The non‑commissioned staff may be dismissed as soon as inspected.

As the Inspector successively approaches the companies, each Captain commands: 1. Attention. 2. Unstrap valises. 3. Open boxes, when the valises are placed at the feet of the men, with the flaps from them.  In this position the Inspector may examine the contents of the whole, boxes and valises, or of as many as he may think necessary, beginning again with the non‑commissioned­ officers, noticing, in passing, the tools, &c., of the farriers, and the trumpets of the musicians.

As the Inspector passes each company, the Captain orders the valises to be repacked and restrapped, and the men to file off to their tents or quarters, except the company which is to escort the standards, which awaits the orders of the Colonel.

In an extensive column, some of the rearmost companies, when dismounted, after the inspection of dress, general appearance, horses and arms, may be permitted to link, awaiting the approach of the Inspector. In this case, such companies resume the position above supposed, before the minute inspection.

ARTICLE THIRD.

DUTIES OF INSTRUCTORS.

The Colonel is responsible for the instruction of the regiment, and he shall not change, under any pretext, the dispositions contained in this book.

He will be present, as often as his other duties permit, at the theoretical and practical instructions, and especially at that of the officers assembled together.

The Lieutenant‑Colonel, and Major, are especially charged with the supervision of the instruction of their respective wings.

Individual instruction being the basis of the instruction of squadrons, on which that of a regiment depends, and the first principles having the greatest influence upon this individual instruction, the classes of recruits should be watched with the greatest care.

The instructors place themselves habitually at such a distance that they can see their whole troop at a glance, and make themselves distinctly heard by it. They leave their place as seldom as possible, and only to make the corrections which are indispensable in the position of the men and the execution of the movements.

They repeat, in a few clear and precise words, the explanations which have not been well understood; and, not to overburden the memory of the men, they always use the same terms to demonstrate the same principles.

They should often join example to precept, should keep up the attention of the men by an animated tone, and pass to another movement as soon as that which they command has been executed in a satisfactory manner. In fine, they should become every day more exacting, in regard to precision and unity.

When at rest, the instructor questions the men, to satisfy himself that their lessons have been well understood. In the theoretical instruction, he requires the commands and explanations to be given as if they were on the ground.

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DIVISION, ORDER, AND PROGRESSION OF INSTRUCTION.

As instruction cannot be established on a solid basis without joining theory to practice, there is in each regiment a theoretical instruction, independent of the exercises in the field.

From the 1st of November to the 1st of May, the Colonel assembles the officers at least twice a week, for the theory of the different parts of their instruction.

The Major and Adjutant assemble, in a like manner, the Sergeants and Corporals.

From the 1st of May to the 1st of November, these theoretical exercises occur once a week for all, and oftener if necessary.

The practical instruction is divided into instruction on foot and instruction mounted.

The instruction on foot, as well as the instruction mounted, includes the school of the trooper, the school of the platoon, and the school of the squadron.

The school of the trooper is divided into four lessons, and each lesson into two parts.

The school of the platoon is divided into four articles.

The school of the squadron is divided into four articles.

Instruction.

Each lesson lasts one hour and a half, without including the rests.

When the weather is bad, the men are exercised in the riding‑house. They are conducted to the riding‑ground whenever the weather will permit.

The horses of the Orderly Sergeants, and Trumpeters, cannot be excused on any pretext from participating in the different classes of instruction.

The horses which have not been trained, are sent out with a snaffle bridle at least three times a week; and, as far as possible, they are all saddled and ridden.

The Colonel causes the squadrons, divisions, and platoons, to be commanded by all the officers in turn, in order to satisfy himself of their instruction, and to instruct those who are not already sufficiently instructed.

During the summer, and until the end of October, the regiment is exercised alternately at the evolutions and in the details of the service in war.  For this purpose, whenever it is practicable, the Colonel takes the regiment into the country, in order to accustom it to pass over all kinds of ground and to apply the evolutions to the different localities.

The remount horses are, sent out every day for two hours, saddled, and bridled with a snaffle.

The non‑commissioned officers and privates, who are negligent in the different exercises, either on foot or mounted, are put back into the lower classes.

When the regiment is assembled, the Colonel should direct the superior officers to command occasionally, in the different evolutions, in order to judge of the progress of their instruction. He should also require the other officers to exercise a command superior to that of their grades, when the instruction is sufficiently advanced.

ARTICLE FIFTH.

GRADATION OF INSTRUCTION.

Recruits.

The recruit commences his instruction on foot. The first week after his arrival at the regiment is employed exclusively in instructing him in all the details of discipline, police, and interior service, and in those relating to his dress and the grooming of his horse.

He is taught to mount without saddle, on both sides of the horse.

He is taught the name and use of the principal parts of the arms and equipments, and the manner of keeping them clean; the manner of rolling the cloak, of folding the effects, and of placing them in the valise.

These different instructions are given by the corporal of the squad, under the superintendence of the Sergeant and officer of the platoon.

At the end of this week, the recruit commences the first lesson on foot; he continues to be instructed in the above‑mentioned details.

The recruits are drilled on foot twice a day when possible and an hour and a half each time. Half an hour of this time is employed in teaching them the duties of guards.

At the end of six weeks or two months at most, the recruits should be able to mount the quarter guard, and, consequently, they should have commenced the fourth lesson on foot.

Before the recruit mounts guard, he learns the different parts of a complete equipment, and the means of preserving it; and, also, the manner of saddling, bridling, unsaddling, and unbridling, and of packing his effects on the horse.

After he has mounted his first guard, his instruction on horseback is commenced, care being taken to give him a gentle and well‑trained horse.

Recapitulation of the time necessary to instruct a trooper to the school of the platoon mounted, in­clusive.

DISMOUNTED.

School of the Trooper.

Total, 70 lessons.

School of the Platoon.

NOTE. ‑ As the school of the platoon dismounted should progress conjointly with that of the trooper mounted, the number of lessons will be such as may be judged necessary.

MOUNTED.

School of the Trooper.

Total, 120 lessons.

School of the Platoon.

Total, 60 lessons.

It results from this gradation, that the trooper, after 180 lessons or days of instruction, should be able to enter the school of the squadron.

Corporals.

The Corporals should be capable or executing, all the lessons mounted and dismounted, and should be qualified to teach at least the two first lessons dismounted, and the first lesson mounted.

Their theoretical instruction should include, in addition to these lessons, all the details relative to the functions of their grade in the interior service, both in garrison and in campaign.

The Colonel selects, in each squadron a certain number of privates, who may be admitted to the theoretical instruction of the Corporals.

Sergeants.

The Sergeants should be capable of executing, dismounted and mounted, all that is prescribed by this book; and should be able to teach the lessons of the school of the trooper. They should likewise know all the details of the service so as to have in their power to conduct their troop and replace the chiefs of platoons if necessary.

The theoretical instruction of the Sergeants should include the basis of instruction, the school of the trooper, the school of the platoon, and the school of the squadron; also, the regulations for the interior service in garrison and in campaign, so far as their grade is concerned.

The Colonel selects, in each company those among the corporals whom he judges fit to be admitted to the theoretical instruction of the Ser­geants.

Officers.

Every officer, from the Colonel to the 2d Lieutenant, should be able to command according to his rank. No one will be considered fully instructed unless he can also explain and execute all that is contained in this book.

The theory of the officers should include this book and all the regulations which prescribe their duties in their different positions, either in peace or war.

Every officer who joins the regiment for the first time, must be examined on his theoretical and practical instruction by the Colonel.

If the faults committed on drill by an officer of any rank whatsoever, arise from negligence or want of instruction, the commandant of the regiment shall cause him to be immediately replaced.

If the Colonel thinks proper, he may excuse from the theory, every other time, those officers whose instruction is completed.

ARTICLE SIXTH.

INSTRUCTION TO MOUNT WITHOUT SADDLE, TO PACK UP, TO SADDLE, AND TO UNSADDLE.

Manner of Vaulting.

Seize the mane with the left hand, hold the reins of the snaffle in the right hand, and place it on the withers, the thumb to the left, the fingers to the right; raise yourself lightly the on two wrists, the body straight; pass the right leg extended, over the croup of the horse, without touching him, and seat yourself gently on horseback.

To dismount, pass the Ieft rein of the snaffle into the right hand; place this hand on the withers; seize the mane with the left hand, raise yourself gently on the two wrists, pass the right leg extended over the croup of the horse without touching him; bring the right thigh near the left, the body straight, and come to the ground lightly on the toes, bending the knees a little.

Manner of packing up the Effects.

The uniform pantaloons, folded the length of the valise should be well spread out in the bottom.

The white pantaloons, folded in the same manner, placed on the uniform pantaloons.

The shirts unfolded, are laid on the white pantaloons. The soldier's book on the shirts. The cap‑cord on the book. The shaving case, the pocket-handkerchiefs, the gloves, and the socks, divided equally, in the ends.

The second pair of boots under the flap of the valise.

The plume in its case, along with the boots.

The stable jacket in the valise‑wallet; and also, the forage‑cap, which is placed in the middle.

The stable frock rolled the length of the cloak, in the forage‑sack.

The things used in grooming, the brushes, grease‑box and other cleaning utensils, in the holster‑pouch.

Manner of rolling the Cloak.

The cloak being entirely unfolded, the sleeves are laid flat and extended parallel to the two front edges of the cloak; each one is then turned up and folded near the elbow, so as to give a length of 3 feet 6 inches from one elbow to the other, the middle of the cloak remaining uncovered. The cape is then turned down over the sleeves, in such a manner that the front edges may exactly cover those of the cloak.

The lower extremity of the cloak is turned up about ten inches; the skirts are likewise turned towards each other, so that they may touch the fold of the sleeves, and that being folded a second time upon themselves, they may give to the cloak the form of a rectangle; the lower extremity of the cloak is then turned up about 7 inches, and it is rolled as tightly as possible, commencing at the collar and pressing the knee upon it as it is rolled, to hold it. The part of the cloak which is rolled is then introduced into the sort of pocket formed by the part which was turned back.

Manner of adjusting a Saddle

HEAVY CAVALRY.

The saddle should be placed on the horse without a blanket, in order to see clearly whether its shape agrees with that of his back.

In order that the saddle may be well-placed, it is necessary that the point of the bow should be three fingers in rear of the point of the shoulder; that the gullet leave sufficient room on the withers and loins to permit the hand to be passed easily between these parts and the saddle, when the trooper is mounted; that the front part of the gullet be sufficiently wide to prevent the pad from pressing on the side of the withers; that the bars bear equally upon all parts without touching the back-bone, and that the points of the bow do not press upon the back.  The breast-strap should be placed above the point of the shoulders, so as to not interfere with their movements, and the crupper should not be stretched for fear of wounding the horse under the tail.

LIGHT CAVALRY

The saddle should be laid on the horse without a blanket, in order to see clearly whether its shape agrees with that of his back.

In order that the saddle may be well placed it is necessary that the front end of the bars should be three fingers in rear of the point of the shoulder; that the bows be sufficiently elevated above the withers and loins to allow the fist to be passed under the rear bow, and almost as much under the front one, when the trooper is mounted; that the ends of the bars do not bear upon the back, and that the finger can be passed under them; that the rest of the bars bear flatly on the back, in such a way, however, that the finger may be passed between their upper edge and the back, and that they may be at least two fingers'  breadth from the back-bone. The breast‑strap should be placed above the point of the shoulders, so as not to interfere with their movement. The leathern heart should be in the middle of the breast, and the crupper should not be stretched for fear of wounding the horse under the tail.

To attach the stirrups to the saddle run the stirrup‑leather through the eye of the stirrup, pass it through the loop, and draw it up until the loop touches the eye of the stirrup: then, holding the stirrup‑leather in such a manner that the buckle may be turned towards the horse, run it through the hole or staple in the saddle from above, and draw it down; fasten it at the proper length by means of the buckle, run it through the loop which is under the buckle, and pass the end twice through the same loop.

When the stirrup is arranged in this manner, and hangs naturally, the buckle will be on the inside next to the horse.

Manner of Saddling.

Manner of packing the Effects on the Horse.

When blankets are used instead of schabraques, they will be folded twice, with the edges placed on the off side.

To have the effects well packed, the three straps must be tightly buckled, and must come up straight 3 inches from each other; the three buckles on the same line in the middle of the valise; the valise and wallet square, so that both can be seen from behind. (Light cavalry, the wallet placed in such a manner that it cannot be seen from behind.)

The valise and wallet should not incline to either side.

The cloak and other articles in front should be so arranged, as to raise the bridle‑hand as little as possible.

Nothing should project beyond the schabraque.

If a bundle of forage is to be carried, it is placed on the valise, a little to the rear, and tied to the, packing‑straps.

When the carbine is in the boot, it is so placed that its end may be 4 or 5 inches from the horses shoulder, without projecting beyond it; it is fastened to the saddle by the gun‑strap, which makes two turns round the small of the stock. The carbine must never be left in the boot, when the horses enter or go out of the stable.

Manner of Bridling.

Stand on the left side of the horse, the reins of the snaffle and of the curb‑bridle in the bend of the left arm, the top of the head‑stall on the forearm. Seize the curb‑bridle and the snaffle by the top of the head‑stall with the right hand, the nails downwards; pass the arm over the horse's neck, so that the hand may be in front of his head; seize the snaffle‑bit with the left hand near the ring, and the curb‑bit near the boss, taking care that the snaffle‑bit is above the curb‑bit; place them together in the horse's mouth, pressing the left thumb upon the bars to make him open it; pass the horse's ears between the front and top of the head‑stall, commencing with the right; run the nose‑band through the square rings of the halter, so that the part of the halter over the nose may be covered, and buckle it, leaving the cheek‑pieces of the snaffle outside; hook the curb, buckle the throat‑strap, passing it under that of the halter ; fasten the button‑hole of the halter to the button on the top of the head‑stall ; clear the forelock; pass the reins of the snaffle and curb‑bridle over the horse's neck; attach the halter‑strap, with the end wound up, to the holster‑strap on the left side; (Light cavalry, to the cloak‑strap.)

If the horse is properly bridled, the buckles of the cheek‑piece, and of the throat‑strap, on the right side, will be at the same height, and those of the cheek‑piece, throat‑strap, and snaffle, on the left side, will form a kind of crow's foot; the throat‑strap will not be so tight as to impede the respiration; the cheek‑pieces will be in rear of the temples, and the snaffle‑bit will be above the curb bit.

Manner of Unbridling.

Unhook the curb, unbuckle the nose‑band, then the throat‑strap, unbutton the halter, unroll the halter‑strap, and fasten the horse to the rack until he is unsaddled; bring the reins of the snaffle and curb‑bridle on the top of the head, pass them over the ears, let them fall into the bend of the left arm; take off the bridle from the horse's head, beginning with the right car; make two turns around the bridle, with the reins below the front piece, and pass them between the front and top of the head‑stall, so that the bridle may be hung up.

Manner of Unpacking.

Unbuckle the packing‑straps, ending with the middle one; take off the valise and wallet; unbuckle the front packing straps; take off the lock-cover; turn back the front of the schabraque on the seat; unbuckle the cloak‑straps, ending with the middle one; take off the cloak and the sack: free the pistol from its strap, and take it and the hatchet out of the holsters; take off the forage-cord and watering‑bridle; unbuckle the surcingle, and take off the schabraque, or blanket; double the schabraque or blanket; lay all the effects on it, roll them up in it, and fasten them with the surcingle.

The trooper then rolls up all the straps, and unsaddles in the prescribed manner.

Manner of Unsaddling.

ARTICLE SEVENTH.

OF THE BIT.

(Pl. 6., fig. A.) The bit is composed of seven principal pieces in iron, viz:

The mouth‑piece (1), the branches (2), the rings (3), the curb (4), and the cross‑bar (5).

The other pieces are the S (6), and the hook (7).

The mouth‑piece is fixed to the branches by the fonceaux (8), and is divided into barrels (9), and crook (10).

The barrels act upon the bars and render the horse obedient, with the assistance of the curb.

The crook forms a place for the tongue.

The branches cause the mouth‑piece and curb to act.  Each one is divided into eye of the cheek-piece (11), eye of the hook or S (12), banquet (13), bow of the banquet (14), tongue of the banquet (15), and ring eye (16).

The eye of the check‑piece serves to pass the cheek-piece through. The eyes of the hook or S serves to hold the hook or S of the curb. The banquet and tongue of the banquet serve to unite the mouth‑piece to the branches. The bow of the banquet serves to strengthen the branch, and the ring eye is to hold the rings for the reins.

The object of the cross‑bar is to strengthen the bit, and to prevent the branches from hooking the reins of the other horses.

(Fig. B.) The curb is composed of links (1) and rings (2); the links act upon the horse's chin, and the rings serve to fasten the curb to the S and the hook; they are three in number, two on the side of the hook, and one on the side of the S.

The S serves to fasten the curb to the bit, and the hook to hook the curb.

The bosses (17) are ornaments to cover the fonceaux; there are holes in them by which they are rivetted to the branches.

(Fig. C.) The snaffle‑bit is composed of five pieces of iron:

The right side (1).

The left side (2).

The uniting ring (3).

The rings (4), to receive the cheek‑pieces and reins.

(Fig. D.) The bit of the watering‑bridle is composed of four pieces of iron:

The right side (1).

The left side (2).

Two rings with wings (3), to receive the reins and cheek‑pieces.

To bit the horse properly, it is necessary to understand:

1st. The effects of the bit.

2d. The horse's mouth.

3d. The conformation of the horse.

 The bit is medium, (fig. E.) when the branches (1) are straight, that is, when the eye of the ring is in the prolongation of the line passing through the centre of the fonceaux and the eye of the cheek‑piece; and when the mouth‑piece is mean, that is with the barrel (2) large and rising; and the crook not much elevated.

The bit is mild (fig. F.) when the branches (1) are short and the eye of the ring, in rear of the line; and when the mouth‑piece is straight, that is, when the barrel (2) is large near the branches, slopes upwards a little, and is almost without crook.

The bit is severe (fig. G.) when the branches (1) are long, with the eye of the ring in front of line; and when the mouth‑piece is straight, that is, when the barrel (2) is straight and small, and the crook elevated.

The position of the eye of the branch renders the action of the bit more or less powerful.  If the eye is high, the bit resists the motion of the branches and produces a stronger impression on the mouth and chin. If on the contrary, the eye is too low, the bit yields to the motion of the branches, and produces less effect.

It is necessary to consider the interior and exterior parts of the horse's mouth.

The interior parts are the tongue, the canal in which the tongue rests, the tusks, the bars, and the inside of the lips.

The exterior parts are the bones of the lower jaw, the canal between these bones, the slit of the lips, the outside of the lips, and the chin.

The most sensitive parts of the horse's mouth are the bars and the chin; the tongue and the lips are less so. Bars which are elevated, sharp, and without flesh, denote sensibility; it diminishes in proportion as the bars become lower, round, and covered with flesh, and as the chin becomes thick and fleshy.

When a horse is well‑made, and free in his motions and gait, it is to be presumed that he has a good mouth.

When a horse has a heavy head and limbs, and is lazy and clumsy in his gaits, it is to be presumed that he has a bad mouth.

When a horse has long slim legs, a long body, and is loosely put together, great care is requisite in the choice of a bit, as he submits with difficulty to the action of it, not being able to endure its effects without pain, or without endeavoring to avoid them.

When a horse has the bars elevated, sharp, and without flesh, the tongue thin, and the canal sufficiently large to hold it, he should have a straight bit (fig. F, No. 2), that the barrel being thicker near the branches, may press upon the tongue and lips, and ease as much as possible the other parts of the mouth. The tongue and lips, from their slight degree of sensibility, being able to sustain the bit, prevent it from producing too great an effect on the bars, and pressing on them in such a manner as to cause pain.

When a horse has sensitive bars, a thick tongue and the canal too small to hold it conveniently, he should have a medium bit (fig 3. E. No. 2) that the tongue, having a little liberty, the bit may press at the same time on the bars and tongue, without causing inconvenience. A straight bit, in such a mouth, would deprive the tongue of its liberty, and would bear entirely upon that part which is the least sensitive; the mouth would be incommoded, the horse would bear upon the hand, and would resist.

When a horse has low, round, and fleshy bars, he should have a severe bit (fig. G, No. 2), because bars of this kind possessing little sensibility, can only acquire it from the action of the bit, which presses upon them.

When a horse has too large a mouth, he should have a bit with long branches.

When the horse has a small mouth, he should have a light bit; but as the small quantity of iron might be unpleasant to him, from the delicate and sensitive bars which these horses usually have, it is necessary to use the straight mouth‑piece with short and mild branches.

When a horse throws out his head to the front he should have, to prevent it, long and severe branches (fig. G., No. 1); if at the same time he has a sensitive mouth, which is frequently the case he should be given a straight mouth‑piece (fig. F, No. 2).

When a horse carries his head low, and against his breast, he should have short branches (fig. F, No. 1); if at the same time his mouth is not very sensitive, which is not uncommon, he must have a severe mouth‑piece (fig. G, No. 2).

Horses which are lower before than behind, are rarely well upon the haunches; they feel the extra weight which the croup throws on the shoulders, want confidence in their legs, and seek the aid of the bit. They generally have a bad mouth, and bear upon the hand.  They should have a severe bit with powerful branches (fig. G, Nos. 1 and 2). When the mouth is very sensitive, which is rare with this kind of horses, a straight mouth‑piece (fig. F, No. 2) is arranged with powerful branches (fig. G, No. 1). This mouth‑piece moderates the effect of the branches.

Horses which are lower behind than before generally have a fine neck and shoulders; but their proportions show little strength in the hinder parts. They are light in their fore‑parts, and apt to rear; they should have short and mild branches (fig. F, No. 1).

The bit should bear upon the bars one finger's breadth above the lower tusks; if it bore higher, it would wrinkle the lips and hurt the bone of the bar, which is sharper there; lower down, it would touch the upper tusk. In no case should the top of the mouth‑piece touch the palate.

The bit should be neither wide nor narrow; in the first case, it becomes displaced and does not fit; in the second case, it compresses and wounds the mouth, and may cause the horse to contract the habit of seizing the branches with his lips, or of taking one of them between his teeth.

The curb should be arranged so as to produce its effect upon the chin, and not to compress it when the bridle hand does not act. It should be neither long nor short; in the first case it would permit the bit to swing, which would destroy its effect; in the second case, it would restrain the horse too much, and lead him to resist.

When young horses are bridled for the first time, a piece of leather or felt may be placed between the curb and chin as their chins are often very sensitive. These means are no longer used after they have become accustomed to the effect of the bit.

A bit which is well adjusted should act upon all parts of the mouth, according to their sensibility.

Horses resist the bit when it causes pain; the most sensitive are the most impatient: when the bit hurts them, they rush forward to escape the pain, which they imagine to be a punishment. The more they are restrained by an unskilful hand, the greater the compression of the bars becomes; it increases the evil instead of allaying it, and gives the horse a bad mouth.

When a horse shakes his head, it is a sign that the bit incommodes him. There are horses which persist in the habit of shaking the head after the bit has been properly arranged; the hand alone can then correct this vice, and not the martingale, which is improperly supposed to be a remedy.

As a general rule, all horses should have a mild bit; and, as it is impossible that each horse in a regiment should have a particular bit, they are furnished of three different patterns: there is one‑sixth of mild bits, four‑sixths of medium bits, and one-sixth of severe bits.

ARTICLE EIGHT.

MANNER OF TRAINING YOUNG HORSES.

The remount horses are not mounted immediately after their arrival at the regiment; they are merely led out by men mounted on trained horses; in winter, the warmest part of the day is chosen for this exercise. They must be led sometimes on the right and sometimes on the left side.

When the horses have perfectly recovered from the fatigues of the journey, they are ridden out.

They move always at a walk, the men merely requiring their horses to follow those which precede in the column.

The horses being thus habituated to carry the weight of a man, they are taught in the stables to suffer themselves to be saddled, to have the foot taken up, the shoe struck, &c.; observing always, if the horse objects, to make use of gentle means to remove his fears.

It should be borne in mind that nothing must be required of young horses beyond their strength, and that punishment is to be resorted to only at the last extremity, and when well assured that the faults arise from viciousness and not from ignorance.

The horses should be gentle to mount, should march on a straight line and circular line at all paces, should back, make a few side steps to the right and left, suffer pressure in the ranks, leap the ditch and bar, and should not be alarmed at the noise of arms and drums, or the waving of standards and the flags of lances.

To avoid repetition, this article presents only those details which regard the horse, and that which is prescribed in the schools of the trooper and platoon is conformed to for the commands and execution of all the movements, observing to follow the progression of these schools from point to point, but always with a view to the instruction of the horse.

FIRST LESSON.

The horses saddled, and with snaffle bridles, are placed in one rank three paces from each other.

The lesson in mounting is given to each horse separately, the instructor holding him by the reins of the snaffle; the trooper caresses the horse, on coming up to him, puts his foot carefully in the stirrup, raises himself without abruptness, seats himself in the saddle, and caresses the horse again; he pauses longer on the stirrup in proportion as the horse becomes more calm, and he mounts and dismounts successively on the right and left side,

To teach the horse the effect of the reins, they should be opened without abruptness, but freely, so as to leave no doubt of what is required of him.

To teach him the effect of the legs, the trooper has two switches, one in each hand; they must be of a pliant wood, sufficiently long to reach the horse behind the girths, just where the legs close.  The legs are closed gradually, and if the horse does not obey, the switches are used, the force of the blow being increased progressively, until he learns to move off at the sole pressure of the legs. The switches are afterwards used only when he hesitates.

To make the horse turn, open freely the rein on the side toward which he is to turn, and close the leg on the same side; if he does not obey the pressure of the leg, use the switch on that side; when the movement is nearly finished, diminish the effect of the rein and leg, sustaining him with the opposite rein and leg.

At the commencement, the horse is made to describe large arcs, and he is brought by degrees to turn upon the arcs prescribed in the first lesson.

When all that is above prescribed is perfectly understood, the instruction commences.

The instruction is not given at a halt, as is required in the first lesson of the school of the trooper, but the march in column is performed on the track, as in the second part of that lesson; the instructor places a trained horse at the head, and the men preserve an interval of three paces, that they may conduct their horses more easily.

The troopers should, at first, preserve great suppleness in their position, and pliancy in their movements, that they may not discourage the horses, already annoyed by a weight to which they are not accustomed. The horses should not yet, be required to march very straight; it is sufficient that they are made acquainted with the reins and legs by bringing them back to the line when they are too far from it, and by using the ­means prescribed for the passage of corners.

This first instruction is given at a walk to render it easier to the horse.

It is especially in the execution of the right wheel, left wheel, right about wheel, and left about wheel, that the troopers should use the reins and their legs with precision, in order that the horse may become well acquainted with them.

To make the horse back, the instructor having dismounted, places himself in front of the horse seizes one rein with each hand, and bears upon the snaffle.

If the horse refuses to back, the instructor having taken both reins in one hand, with the other touches him gently on the fore‑legs with a switch caresses him when he obeys, and stops him after two or three steps. He is not required to back straight.

During the first days, the instruction should be short, and interrupted by frequent repose.

During the moments of repose, the lesson in mounting is repeated; and when the horse no longer stirs, the trooper mounts and dismounts without his being held by the instructor. If the horse is still unquiet, the instructor holds him again until he becomes calm, seeking to give him confidence, and being very careful not to ill‑use him, which would only render him more restive.

After a few days' instruction, the horse is taught to bold himself straight, and more precision is exacted in the passage of the corners, as well as in all the movements and changes of direction, but always at a walk.

The trooper begins to lessen the movement of the reins a little, and to make less use of the switches, that the horse may become more and more accustomed to obey the aids alone.

When the horse has learned to hold himself straight, and when he obeys the hands and legs tolerably, the instructor causes him to take a moderate trot but he is not kept long at this pace.

At a trot, the same precision is not at first required in the position and movements of the horse as at a walk; it is acquired by degrees.

The horses are practised in backing when mounted; the troopers should act with great gentleness, contenting the­mselves at the commencement with making the horse take two or three steps to the rear, without requiring him to back straight.

Whenever a horse has obeyed, the hand should be held lightly, and he should be caressed.

SECOND LESSON.

The horses, saddled, and bridled with a snaffle, are placed in one rank 3 paces from each other.

When the horses obey the aids sufficiently, the switches are no longer used, but they are then is made acquainted with the spur; it is only used when the horse does not obey the legs. In this case, the trooper having conformed to what is prescribed No. 315, applies both spurs vigorously, at the moment when the horse commits the fault; at the same time the bridle hand is slackened, unless the horse should have left the track, when he will be replaced on it. The spurs should never be applied unseasonably, in a spiritless manner, or one after the other, for fear the horse may acquire a habit of kicking.

The horses are now required to move perfectly straight on a straight line, and to bend themselves a little in turning to the right or left. They are afterwards made to trot alternately to the right and to the left hand, great attention being paid to give them a free and regular gait.

When the horses have acquired suppleness and courage, the trot becomes more frequent and lasts longer; and all the movements and changes of direction which have been executed at a walk, are repeated at this gait.

The oblique march from a halt is not executed.

When the horses perform well on a straight line, they are placed in the ring, and made to take a few turns in each direction, first at a walk, and then at a trot.  When the horses are in the ring, they should have the position described in No. 327.

The horses are made to execute the right wheel, left wheel, right‑about wheel, and left‑about wheel, and they are thus confirmed in their knowledge of the reins and legs.

At the end of the lessons, the horses being more calm and obedient, are made to pass successively from the head to the foot of the column, which is done with great care, and those which leave the track in spite of all precautions, are brought back to it with great gentleness.

This lesson is repeated, the horses being taken indiscriminately from the centre of the column.

The trot is not yet commenced from a halt, nor are the horses halted when moving at that pace.

When the horses trot well, the pace is increased, but only for one or two turns at the most.

They then take one or two turns at a gallop, merely to give them a first knowledge of this gait to try their strength, and to increase their suppleness, without requiring them to start correctly.

Young horses are apt to run away in starting at a gallop; the troopers should endeavor to calm them, and should especially avoid exciting them too much.

Finally, they are taught to take a few side steps, as it is prescribed No. 342.

This exercise, being difficult for the horse, requires great mildness and patience on the part of the instructor; a few movements of the shoulders to the right and left, and one or two side steps, are sufficient for the first time.

When a horse refuses to obey, the instructor shows him the whip, and, if that is not sufficient he touches him lightly with it behind the girths; the horse is caressed after he has obeyed.

The lesson in backing is repeated, but with more strictness, and if the horse throws himself out of the line, he is cautiously replaced on it.

During the moments of repose, the troopers being in column, or in one rank at 3 paces from each other the instructor causes them to mount and dismount alternately on the right and on the left side.

THIRD LESSON.

For this lesson the horses are bridled with the curb‑bridle.

The instruction at a halt, which is prescribed No. 354, is not given.

The horses marching on the track, the first thing is to accustom them to the weight of the bit; to effect this, the trooper guides his horse with the snaffle only, which he holds by the middle in his right hand, taking care to hold the reins of the curb‑bridle so loose that the bit will not act.

When the horse no longer shows any uneasiness, he is taught the effect of the bit.

Whenever there is a corner to pass, the horse is gathered by making use of the snaffle; the horse having obeyed, and having begun to turn to the right or left, the snaffle is slackened, and the movement is completed with the bridle hand; if the horse still shows hesitation, the bridle is slackened and the snaffle is again used.

The snaffle, used in this manner in passing the corners, and in all changes of direction, teaches the horse by degrees the effect of the bit, and the use of it is insensibly diminished until he can be guided with the left hand alone.

The effect of the bit being much more powerful than that of the snaffle, the movements of the left hand should therefore be more progressive.

In all difficult movements, such as to go out of the column, to passage, &c., if the instructor finds some of the horses undecided, he will make the troopers use the snaffle.

FOURTH LESSON.

The horses being perfectly gentle to mount, and knowing how to back properly, the troopers mount and dismount in two ranks, as in Nos. 268, 292, and 293.

The instruction is the same as in the preceding lessons, but the troopers are armed. The carbine is in the boot, and the sabre in the scabbard; in proportion as the horses become accustomed to it, the carbines are slung and the sabres drawn.

The manual of arms is then executed, first at a halt, afterwards when marching at a walk and at a trot, as in the 4th lesson of the school of the trooper, the greatest gentleness being always used to accustom the horses to it by degrees.

Manner of accustoming the Horses to leap the Ditch and the Bar.

At the end of the lesson, and before the horses return to the stable, they are practised in leaping the ditch and the bar.  This instruction demands many precautions and great care. The ditch is leaped before the bar, which is more difficult.

At the commencement, the ditch should be narrow and not deep, and the bar should be quite low.

The horses are always led at first, care being taken to put at their head a horse already used to this exercise.

To prevent the horse from stopping short, as it often happens, he is made to pass by the side of the ditch, and over the bar which has been let down, in order that he may see beforehand the obstacles which he is to leap.

After these precautions have been taken, the trooper holds the end of the bridle reins in the right hand, and runs to the ditch or bar, which he leaps the first; the instructor follows the horse, shows him the whip, and cracks it at the same time, to make him follow; the trooper caresses him after he has leaped.

If the horse refuses, the instructor forces him with the whip, using great patience, but never suffering him to return to the stable until he has leaped.

The horses should leap only once, or at most, twice a day; were it repeated too often, they would at last become discouraged.

The horse should not be made to leap mounted, until he has leaped without hesitation when led. For this purpose, each trooper, on arriving at the ditch or bar, follows what is laid down in No. 415, and the following paragraphs.

When a horse refuses to obey, it is necessary to take room and try again to make him leap, placing him, when necessary, a few paces behind another horse which leaps freely; the instructor follows, to compel him with the whip, and, if in spite of all precautions, he still refuses to leap, the trooper dismounts, leads his horse, and does not mount again until he leaps without hesitation.

Assembly of the young Horses in a Platoon.

To accustom the young horses to the pressure of the ranks, and to the movements which they must execute together, the progression of the four articles of the school of the platoon is followed conforming to what follows.

The successive alignments at a halt, are not practised at first with the young horses, because they are not generally sufficiently calm.

In the formations, the troopers should keep their horses straight, and align themselves as they arrive on the line; but once in the rank and halted, they should no longer seek to put them straight, or to close, as the young horses are impatient when too long gathered, and almost always resist.

In beginning to march, by twos, by fours, and by platoon, the troopers should preserve sufficient space, taking care not to close; they should relax the thighs and legs, require little from their horses and calm those which are excited by stopping and slackening the bridle.

When the horses are calm and march quietly, the troopers approach boot to boot without, however, pressing each other and it is not until then, that more exactness is observed in the distances, directions, and alignments. 

The horses which suffer most from pressure, are placed on the flanks, and they are taken gradually towards the centre, where the pressure is more felt.

In the march in column and in line, attention is paid to the gaits to render them equal and regular: without, changing the formation to often, until the horses are perfectly trained.

Wheeling by platoon is practised; but these movements are frequently to be interrupted by direct marches, to calm those horses to which the pressure sometimes becomes too severe. The pace of the horses near the pivot being slackened, they become impatient at being thus restrained by the hand of the rider, and they almost always resist when they are made to wheel for a long time, and often.

They execute, at a walk only, the right wheel, left wheel, right-about wheel, left-about wheel by fours, taking care not to repeat them too often.

They are made to gallop by twos and by fours, and by platoon, but not long at a time; no other movements are executed at this pace.

The young horses are not practised at the charge.

On the last day of their instruction they are mounted with arms and baggage; should any horse be rendered uneasy by the valise, and kick and resist, he is separated from the troop, and is accustomed by degrees to the valise by mounting him apart, and by letting him stand packed in the stable an hour or two each day.

When the horses are sufficiently trained, and some weeks before they enter the squadron, they are practised in the different formations of the school of the platoon, at the quick paces, the gallop being used with great moderation.

Manner of accustoming young horses to firing, and military noises.

A few trained horses accustomed to the firing, are mounted with the young horses towards the end of the lesson, the troopers who mount the former separate themselves a few paces from the others and fire pistols, while the others continue to march on the track; the troopers taking care to quiet and caress those which are excited or frightened.

This method is continued during, some days, the troopers approaching nearer and nearer, and finally firing inside of the square; they fire afterwards when returning to the quarters, at first in rear of the column, then near the centre, and at last at the head; facing it at the distance of a few paces.

There will be an interval between the shots at first, and they will be fired more frequently in proportion as the horses become more calm, taking care not to burn them with the grains of powder.

When the young horses are somewhat accustomed to the noise of arms, the troopers who ride them having loaded their pistols between the lessons, fire one after another at a signal from the instructor.

This lesson should be given with care, the firing being stopped when the horses become excited; after they have become more calm, the shots are repeated with shorter intervals. The carbines are afterwards used.

Should there be any horses so restive as to throw the others habitually into disorder, they must be sent back to the stable; they are then taken out separately, every morning and evening to accustom them to the noise of arms. For this purpose they are led to the riding‑round, where pistols are fired while they are caressed and a few oats are given them. The shots are first fired from a distance and approach gradually. After the horses become accustomed to them, they are joined to the others, to receive the same lessons when mounted.

 When the horses are no longer frightened at the successive carbine or pistol shots they are formed at the end of the riding ground; they are marched gently towards some dismounted men placed at the other end, who fire together several times in succession; when the horses are within fifty paces the firing ceases, and they are marched on until they come up to the men, where they are halted and caressed.

An officer is always present at this lesson, to see that it is given properly and without disorder.

The young horses are likewise accustomed to the manual of arms, the waving of standards, colors, and the flags of lances, to the noise of drums, and finally to all military noises. This is always done at the end of the lessons, the same progression being followed, and the same gentle means used.

Horses that are difficult to train.

Young horses often offer a resistance, the cause of which should be known in order to apply a remedy.

Some jump from gaiety or too much spirit; they should be brought back gently to the track, without ill‑using them, and should be calmed by stopping and slackening the bridle, very little use being made of the legs.

Others jump from viciousness, and to throw their rider; they must be made to feel all the degrees of the aids to quiet them, punishment being employed as a last resource, as it would make them worse were it too prompt or too frequent.

In regard to horses which stop and refuse to advance, this may arise from weakness, from fear, or from obstinacy.

If it be from weakness, which may be readily seen from the conformation of the horse and the manner in which be moves, the work must be portioned to his strength.

If it be from fear, he must be taken up gently to the object which frightens him, stopping occasionally before arriving at it, slackening the bridle, encouraging him by the voice, and using all means to give him confidence. When he has at last come up to the object, he is permitted to smell it, to show him that he has nothing to fear, and he is then caressed. In no case should a timid horse be punished, as that would only increase the evil.

Finally, if it be from obstinacy after all gentle means have been tried, the whip must be resorted to; as the spur often induces the horse to resist still more, it is for the instructor, who knows him, to prescribe or forbid the use of it.

There are some horses which have a habit of rearing. The rider must throw the upper part of the body forward, without deranging his seat; he must slacken one rein, and draw upon the other.

There are other horses which kick. The rider must throw the body a little to the rear, without stiffness, raise the bridle hand to prevent the horse from putting his head between his legs; and force him to move off by closing the legs.

It is rarely that a horse kicks up straight; he almost always throws the croup to the right or left. While conforming to what has been said above, the trooper should bear harder upon the rein on the side towards which the horse kicks, in order to oppose the shoulders to the haunches.

When a horse intends to kick up while in motion, it may be perceived from the slackening of pace of his fore-­legs. In the same manner, his intention to rear may be known, by the slackening of his hind‑legs.

If the horses have resisted both gentle means and punishment, recourse is had to the longe.

Lesson of the longe.

This lesson requires great caution, in order not to injure the horse in trying to subdue him; the lesson should last but half an hour, or three‑quarters at most, and there should be frequent repose.

The cavesson serves to moderate the pace of the horse, and to bring him near the centre when he is in the ring. It likewise serves to drive him from it, by shaking the longe. It may also be used to repress his faults.

With the whip, the pace of the horse is increased, he is driven from the centre, and he is corrected.

The instructor uses the whip and the cavesson alternately, to overcome the resistance of the horse; but he is very careful not to use both at once, nor to use them improperly, the abuse of the cavesson inclining the horse to resist, and throwing him on his haunches; that of the whip, tending to discourage him and make him restive.

The longe should be held so long as not to tire the horse by forcing him to move on too small a circle.

The horse should have a watering‑bridle, and the cavesson should be arranged such a manner as not to impede the respiration.

An instructor and an assistant are necessary to give this lesson; the assistant holds the longe and places himself at the centre. To start the horse upon the ring, the instructor leads him by the inner rein, holding the whip behind himself with the other hand; he walks with the horse as long as necessary; in proportion as the horse moves with more confidence, he separates from him, holding the longe in the right hand (when moving to the right) and the whip in the left hand, until he is at an equal distance from the horse and the person who holds the longe. He follows the movements of the horse constantly, and uses the longe, or the whip, as may be necessary, to keep him on the ring, or to maintain the pace.

If the horse stops short when the instructor leaves him, if he backs, or pulls upon the longe, and refuses to move on at the cracking of the whip, he is again led upon the ring, that he may better understand what is required of him.

On leaving him again, the instructor shows him the whip, and even touches him with it between the shoulder and the belly, if necessary; he gives the horse more liberty in proportion as he moves with confidence.

If the horse gallops instead of trotting, the instructor shakes the longe lightly by a very gentle horizontal motion of the hand.

After a few turns, the instructor diminishes the ring and tries to stop the horse by the voice, and make him come to him; he caresses him when he has obeyed, makes him take a few steps to the rear, and leads him upon the ring to the other hand, with the same precautions.

At the end of the lesson, and when the horse has become more docile, he is mounted, not to work in the longe, but to obtain from him that which he has refused to do; if he is submissive, little should be required of him, he should be caressed, and the cavesson should be taken off.

If, in spite of all the precautions and patience of the instructor, the horse still refuses to obey, he is again put in the longe before being sent away, and these lessons are continued until no more resistance is offered.

The longe may also be used (but with great caution) to give suppleness to those horses which are in want of it.

ARTICLE NINTH.

DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

A TROOP is composed of ranks and files.

A RANK is composed of men abreast of each other.

A FILE is composed of two men, one behind the other.

FILE‑LEADER is a man of the front rank of a troop, relatively to the one who is behind him in the rear rank.

FILE‑CLOSER is an officer or sergeant posted behind the rear rank.

FRONT is the direction perpendicular to the alignment of a troop and before it, either in column or in line.

CENTRE is the middle of a troop.

WINGS are the two grand divisions into which any body of men is divided when in line

FLANK is the right or left side of a column, or line.

INTERVAL is the vacant space between two troops, or between the fractions of a troop in line. It refers more particularly to the space which the squadrons of a regiment in line should preserve between each other.

This interval is 12 paces (12 yards,) measured from the knees of the Sergeant (not counted in the rank) on the left of a squadron, to the knees of the Sergeant on the right of the squadron which follows in order of battle.

On foot, it is measured from the elbow of the same Sergeants.

DISTANCE is the vacant space from one troop to another in column, or between the ranks of a troop, either in line or in column.

The distance between the open ranks when mounted, is 6 yards, measured from the croup of the horses of the front rank to the head of the horses of the rear rank; on foot, this distance is six paces.

When the ranks are closed, the distance, if mounted, is 2 feet, measured from the croup of the horses of the front rank to the head of those in the rear rank; on foot, it is 1 foot, measured from the breast of a man in the rear rank to the back of his file‑leader.

When a troop is formed in column of platoons, or divisions, the distances prescribed are measured from the men of one front rank to those of another front rank; on foot, they are measured from the elbows of the men of one front rank, to the elbows of the men of another front rank.

DEPTH is the space included between the head and the rear of a column.

The depth of a column of platoons is equal to the front which the troop occupied in line; it is measured from the head of the horse of the officer commanding the first platoon, to the croup of the horses of the file‑closers of the last platoon.

To estimate the front of a troop, and the depth of a column, it is necessary to know that a horse, when mounted, occupies in breadth one‑third of his length; this breadth is a little less than a yard.  To avoid fractions, and arrive at the same result by a more simple calculation, having regard also to the room which the men must always preserve in the ranks, it is supposed to be one yard. The length of a horse being 3 yards, the two ranks occupy 6 yards, with a distance of 2 feet between the ranks; a space which is necessary to prevent them from interfering on the march.

Taking the above dimensions for a base, the front of a squadron will consist of as many yards as there are files, plus the two Sergeants on the flanks. There will be a difference however, according to the corps, and the manner in which the regiment is mounted; commandants of corps should satisfy themselves of it, by causing the front of their squadrons to be measured.

ALIGNMENT is the placing of men, or troops, on the same line. There are two kinds: individual alignment, and alignment by troop.

Individual alignment is when men are placed, abreast of each other, in a parallel direction, and­ without one being in front or in rear of another.

Alignment by troop is when a troop places itself, on the prolongation of a line already formed.

Every troop which is to form and align itself on another, halts on a line with the file‑closers parallel to the line of formation, to place itself afterwards on the alignment of the troop which is already formed.

The commandant of a troop places himself, to align it, on the side indicated by the command; it is the same if the troop which he commands serves as base of alignment to another troop. But the commander of a troop which aligns itself on another, moves to the opposite side to align it.

A PLATOON is composed habitually of 12 files; it may also be increased to 16; in that case, it is divided into 2 sections.

A DIVISION is composed of 2 platoons.

A SQUADRON is composed of 2 divisions, or 4 platoons.

A REGIMENT IN ORDER OF BATTLE (OR LINE) is composed of its squadrons disposed on the same line, with their intervals; it is in NATURAL ORDER when the squadrons are placed in the order of their numbers from right to left.

It is in INVERSE ORDER when the first squadrons are on the left of the line, and the last on the right, or when the subdivisions of each squadron are inverted. This order should be used only when circumstances require it.

A COLUMN is the disposition of a troop which has broken, and of which the fractions are placed one behind another.

There are three kinds of columns: column in route, column with distance, and close column.

COLUMN IN ROUTE is formed of men by twos, or by fours.

COLUMN WITH DISTANCE is formed of platoons, having between them the distance necessary to form in line in every way. This column may also be formed of divisions; but the proportion of a platoon front is the most advantageous for all movements.

CLOSE COLUMN is formed of squadrons with a distance of 12 yards from one to another; the object of this disposition is to give the least possible depth to the column.

The column has the right in front when its fractions are disposed according to the order of their numbers, from front to rear.

The column has the left in front when the last fractions, in the order of their numbers, are in front.

FIXED POINTS, OR POINTS OF DIRECTION, serve to point out the direction in which a troop in line, or in column, is to march; or else to mark the right and left of a line.

INTERMEDIATE POINTS are those taken between the fixed points. They are used to preserve the desired direction during the march, or to ensure the rectitude of the formation of the lines.

GENERAL GUIDES are the two Sergeants who, in the formation of a regiment, mark the points where the right and the left are to rest.

They are selected in the first and last squadrons, and are under the orders of the Adjutant and Sergeant‑Major, for the tracing of lines.

PRINCIPAL GUIDES are the Sergeants who serve to mark the intermediate points in the formation in line.

The Sergeants, file‑closers of the 1st and 4th platoons, are the principal guides of their respective squadrons.

PARTICULAR GUIDES are the Sergeants who place themselves on the line of formation, to mark the front of their squadrons as they arrive.

The two Sergeants of the flanks, who are not counted in the rank, are the particular guides of their respective squadrons.

GUIDE OF THE MARCH IN LINE is the Sergeant file‑closer of one of the wings, who, in the march in line replaces the particular guide in the front rank, when the latter places himself on the alignment to ensure the direction of the march by serving as an intermediate point.

GUIDE OF THE COLUMN is the man on one of the flanks of the front rank of a column; he is charged with the direction of the march.

The guide is always left when the right is in front; the exceptions to this general rule are pointed out in the title of the evolutions.

In the oblique march, the guide is on the side towards which the march is made; and when the primitive direction is resumed, after having ob­liqued, the guide is where it was before having obliqued.

In a column composed of cavalry and infantry, the guides of the cavalry cover the second file of the subdivisions of infantry on the side of the guides.  In line, the officers who are in front of the squadrons, align themselves on the rear rank of the infantry.

WHEEL is a circular movement executed by a man, or troop, returning to the point of departure.

When a troop makes a wheel, it turns upon one of its flanks; each of the men composing it describes a circle, larger in proportion to his distance from the central point.

ABOUT FACE, or WHEEL, is the half of a wheel.

RIGHT, or LEFT FACE, or WHEEL, is the fourth of a wheel.

RIGHT HALF, or LEFT HALF FACE, or WHEEL, is the eighth of a wheel.

RIGHT QUARTER, or LEFT QUARTER FACE, or WHEEL, is the sixteenth of a wheel.

PIVOT is the front rank man of the flank on which the wheel is made. There are two kinds: the fixed pivot, and the moveable pivot.

The pivot is fixed whenever he turns upon himself; he is moveable when he describes an arc of a circle.

The arc of a circle described by the pivot of a rank of two, of four, of eight, or of a platoon making the fourth of a wheel is 5 yards; for a division it is 10 yards; and for a squadron it is 20 yards.

PLOYMENT is the movement by which a regiment forms from line into close column.

DEPLOYMENT is the movement by which a regiment forms from close column into line.

FORMATION is the regular placing of all the fractions of a troop either in line or in column.

PACES. There are three kinds: the walk, the trot, and the gallop.

On foot there are two kinds of step: the common step and the quick step.

When the command does not indicate the pace, the movement is always made at a walk, if the troop is halted; if it is marching, the movement is made at the pace at which it was already marching.

On foot the movements are executed habitually at the quick step, without the command being given. When they are to be executed at the common step, the command should signify it.

The pace, when used as a measure, is 3 feet. On foot it is 2 feet 4 inches.

A horse passes over about 100 yards per minute at a walk, 240 at a trot, and 300 at a gallop.

On foot the common step is at the rate of 90 per minute; the quick step is at the rate of 120 per minute.

THE DIRECT MARCH is that which is executed by a troop in line or in column, to move off perpendicularly to its alignment

THE MARCH BY A FLANK is that by which ground is gained to the right or left after having made the fourth of a wheel,

THE DIAGONAL MARCH is thus called in relation to the front from which it commences by changing direction by the eighth of a wheel to the right or left, in order to arrive at a given point on the right or left.

THE OBLIQUE MARCH is that by which, when moving forward, ground is gained towards one of the flanks without changing the front. There are two kinds; the individual oblique march, and the oblique march by troop.

The individual oblique march is that which is executed by an individual movement of each man.

The oblique march by troop is that which is executed by the movement, at the same time, of each of the subdivisions of a troop in line.

The CIRCULAR MARCH is that which is executed by describing a circle or portion of a circle.

COUNTER MARCH is a movement by which the men of each rank, after having made successively the fourth of a wheel to the right or left, form themselves facing the rear, parallel to the first formation.

THE CHARGE is a direct, quick, and impetuous march, the object of which is to reach the enemy.

SKIRMISHERS (OR FLANKERS) are men dispersed in front, in rear, or on the flanks of a troop, to cover its movements or its position.

OBSTACLE is anything in the nature of the ground, which obliges a troop in line to ploy a part of its front.

DEFILE is a passage which compels a line to ploy into column, or a column to diminish its front.

EVOLUTIONS are the regular movements by which a regiment passes from one order to another.

Evolutions of line are these same movements executed by several regiments, on one or several lines. Their application, combined with the posi­tion or movements of the enemy, is called manoeuvres.

COMMANDS. There are three kinds:  
The command of caution, which is attention. It is the signal to preserve immobility, and to give attention.  
The preparatory command. It indicates the movement which is to be executed. It is at this command that the horses are to be gathered.  
The command of execution, which is MARCH or HALT.

The tone of command should be animated, distinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the troop which is commanded.

The command attention is pronounced at the top of the voice, dwelling on the last syllable.

The commands of execution are pronounced in a firmer tone than the preparatory commands. They are prolonged because the movement which is to follow them being communicated from the man to the horse; all jerking or abruptness is thereby avoided.

In the exercise on foot, and the manual of arms, the part of the command which causes an execution should be pronounced in a firm and brief tone.

The commands of caution, and the preparatory commands, are distinguished by italics; those of execution, by CAPITALS.

Those preparatory commands which, from their length, are difficult to be pronounced at once, must be divided into two or three parts, with an ascending progression in the tone of command, but always in such a manner that the one of execution may be more energetic and elevated (the divisions are indicated by a hyphen ‑). The parts of commands which are placed in a parenthesis are not pronounced

TIME, in the detailed instruction, is an action of exercise which is executed at a command or part of command, and which is divided into motions, to demonstrate the mechanism and facilitate the execution of it.

SOUNDINGS are the trumpet signals, which make known to the troop the movements or details of service which are to be executed.